How to Inspect a Property in Nigeria: Key Things to Look For

The excitement of finding what seems like your dream property can sometimes cloud judgment. In Nigeria's diverse real estate market, where construction quality varies dramatically and regulations aren't always strictly enforced, a thorough property inspection is not just advisable—it's essential. This comprehensive guide will help you evaluate properties like a professional, potentially saving you millions of naira in unexpected repairs and headaches.

Why Property Inspection Matters in Nigeria

Unlike some countries with standardized building codes and enforcement, Nigeria's construction landscape presents unique challenges:

• Varying construction standards across different developments
• Limited enforcement of building regulations in some areas
• Extreme weather conditions that accelerate wear and tear
• Widespread DIY renovations that may hide serious issues
• Infrastructure challenges that affect property functionality

A proper inspection helps you:

• Negotiate the price based on actual condition
• Budget accurately for necessary repairs
• Avoid dangerous structural issues
• Identify deal-breakers before committing
• Gain peace of mind about your investment

Before the Physical Inspection: Preparation

Research the Area

Before even setting foot on the property:

1. Flood History: Research if the area is prone to flooding during rainy season
2. Infrastructure Status: Check reliability of electricity, water supply, and road access
3. Security Situation: Investigate the safety record of the neighborhood
4. Community Factors: Speak with potential neighbors about area challenges
5. Development Plans: Research upcoming government projects that might affect the property

Assemble Your Inspection Team

While you can conduct an initial inspection yourself, consider bringing:

• A trusted builder or civil engineer
• A relative or friend for a second opinion
• A surveyor (for land or boundary verification)
• A real estate agent familiar with the area

Inspection Tools to Bring

Pack these essential tools for a thorough inspection:

• Flashlight (for dark areas and power outage situations)
• Measuring tape
• Smartphone (for photos and videos)
• Notebook and pen
• Small tools (screwdriver, pliers)
• Moisture meter (if available)

Exterior Inspection Checklist

1. Land/Plot Assessment

For undeveloped land or properties with compounds:

• Boundaries: Do physical boundaries match the survey plan?
• Topography: Is there proper drainage away from the building area?
• Soil Condition: Check for erosion, unusual cracks, or waterlogging
• Access: Is there adequate road access that remains usable in all seasons?
• Neighboring Properties: Are there encroachments or boundary disputes?

2. Building Exterior

Examine the outside structure methodically:

• Foundation: Look for cracks, settling, or signs of movement
• Walls: Check for cracks (diagonal cracks are particularly concerning), dampness, or bulging
• Roof: Inspect for damaged, missing, or improperly installed roofing materials
• Drainage Systems: Verify that gutters and downspouts direct water away from the foundation
• External Plumbing: Check external pipes for leaks, damage, or makeshift repairs
• Windows and Doors: Test functionality, alignment, and weather sealing
• Electrical Installations: Examine external wiring, meter location, and generator setup areas

3. Compound Features

If the property includes a compound:

• Perimeter Security: Assess fence/wall integrity and security features
• Gates and Access: Test functionality of gates and entry systems
• Outbuildings: Inspect condition of boy's quarters, security posts, or storage structures
• Landscaping: Evaluate drainage, tree positions (roots can damage foundations), and maintenance needs
• Parking Areas: Check surfacing, size, and accessibility

Interior Inspection Checklist

4. Structural Elements

These are the most critical (and potentially expensive) issues:

• Load-bearing Walls: Look for cracks, leaning, or signs of stress
• Ceilings: Check for water stains, sagging, or cracks
• Floors: Test for bouncy or uneven areas, cracks, or tilting
• Beams and Columns: Inspect visible structural elements for signs of deterioration or poor construction
• Staircases: Verify stability, proper construction, and safety features

5. Water and Moisture Issues

Water damage is a common problem in Nigeria's climate:

• Walls and Ceilings: Look for water stains, mold, peeling paint, or bubbling
• Windows and Doors: Check surrounding areas for water penetration
• Bathrooms: Examine thoroughly for leaks, improper drainage, or water damage
• Kitchen: Inspect under sinks, around appliances, and backsplash areas
• Basement/Ground Floor: Check for signs of flooding or water ingress

6. Utilities and Systems

Test all major systems thoroughly:

Electrical System

• Turn lights on and off in each room
• Test all power outlets
• Inspect the distribution board/fuse box
• Ask about power capacity and backup systems
• Check the condition of visible wiring

Plumbing System

• Turn on all taps and check water pressure and drainage
• Flush toilets and observe filling and flushing efficiency
• Check for leaks under sinks and around toilet bases
• Verify water sources (city connection, borehole, water tank)
• Test water pumps if applicable

Water Storage

• Inspect overhead tanks for leaks or damage
• Check water pump functionality
• Verify the condition of the borehole system if present
• Test water quality if possible

7. Room-by-Room Assessment

For each room, consider:

• Size and Layout: Is it practical for your needs?
• Ventilation: Do windows open? Is there cross-ventilation?
• Lighting: Is natural light adequate? Do all fixtures work?
• Finishes: Examine the quality of tiles, paint, cabinetry, and trim
• Functionality: Does the room serve its intended purpose well?

8. Specific Areas of Concern

Kitchens

• Test all built-in appliances
• Check cabinetry quality and installation
• Inspect countertop conditions and backsplash sealing
• Verify adequate electrical outlets
• Test exhaust systems

Bathrooms

• Check for adequate water pressure
• Test drainage speed in all fixtures
• Look for signs of leaks or water damage
• Verify toilet functionality
• Assess ventilation effectiveness

Living Areas

• Check ceiling fan installation and operation
• Test air conditioning units if present
• Inspect floor coverings for damage
• Check window functionality and security

Infrastructure and Services

9. Electrical Supply

Nigeria-specific considerations:

• Power Reliability: Ask neighbors about blackout frequency
• Generator Space: Is there adequate, ventilated space for a generator?
• Wiring Quality: Look for exposed wires, outdated systems, or makeshift connections
• Meter Type: Prepaid or postpaid? Properly installed?

10. Water Supply

Critical for daily living:

• Source Reliability: City connection, community borehole, or private borehole?
• Storage Capacity: Are tanks adequate for your needs during outages?
• Water Quality: Test for sediment, odor, or discoloration
• Pump Systems: Verify condition and capacity

11. Security Features

Essential in many Nigerian neighborhoods:

• Perimeter Security: Assessment of walls, fences, and gates
• Doors and Windows: Check for proper locks, burglar bars, and security features
• Security Systems: Note any existing alarm systems, CCTV, or security service provisions
• Lighting: Evaluate exterior security lighting
• Access Control: How is entry to the property managed?

Neighborhood Assessment

12. Location Factors

The property doesn't exist in isolation:

• Accessibility: Evaluate access roads, traffic conditions, and alternative routes
• Amenities: Proximity to markets, schools, hospitals, and worship centers
• Nuisances: Check for noise sources, odors, or industrial activities
• Development: Observe the pace and quality of development in the area
• Flooding: Ask neighbors about flooding history during rainy seasons

13. Community Factors

Understanding the social environment:

• Security Situation: Inquire about security challenges and community responses
• Neighbor Relations: Observe interactions and maintenance of neighboring properties
• Community Organizations: Ask about landlord associations or estate management
• Service Providers: Availability of waste collection, internet service, and maintenance workers

Documentation Verification

14. Property Documents

While your lawyer will handle detailed verification, check:

• Title Documents: At least visually verify the existence of claimed documentation
• Approved Building Plans: Verify that the structure matches approved plans
• Survey Plan: Confirm that property boundaries match the document
• Property Tax: Check receipts for current payments
• Utility Bills: Review for unusual patterns or outstanding debts

Red Flags to Watch For

Be especially cautious if you observe:

1. Fresh Paint in Isolated Areas: Often used to cover water damage or cracks
2. Musty Odors: Indicates potential mold or moisture problems
3. Multiple Patched Areas: Signs of recurring problems
4. Doors/Windows That Don't Close Properly: Indicates structural movement
5. Deflection in Beams or Floors: Suggests structural weaknesses
6. Irregular Wiring: Safety hazard and potential fire risk
7. Vibrating Pipes: Indicates plumbing issues
8. Newly Renovated Problem Areas: May hide underlying issues
9. Reluctance to Show Certain Areas: What is the seller hiding?
10. Pressure to Make Quick Decisions: Red flag for hidden problems

The Inspection Report

After your inspection:

1. Document Findings: Organize your notes, photos, and videos
2. Prioritize Issues: Categorize problems as:
   • Deal-breakers (structural issues, title problems)
   • Negotiation points (systems needing replacement, significant repairs)
   • Minor concerns (cosmetic issues, small repairs)
3. Get Professional Assessments: For any serious concerns
4. Estimate Costs: Research the potential expense of necessary repairs
5. Make Your Decision: Proceed, negotiate, or walk away

How to Use Inspection Findings in Negotiations

A thorough inspection gives you leverage:

1. Request Repairs: Ask the seller to fix critical issues before purchase
2. Price Adjustment: Negotiate a lower price based on documented problems
3. Escrow Arrangement: Arrange for repair funds to be held in escrow
4. Contingency Clauses: Include inspection-related contingencies in your contract
5. Walk Away Power: Be prepared to decline if issues are too severe

When to Bring in Specialists

Consider professional inspections for:

• Structural Concerns: Civil engineer or structural specialist
• Electrical Issues: Certified electrician
• Plumbing Problems: Licensed plumber
• Roof Assessment: Roofing contractor
• Land Stability: Geotechnical engineer
• Specialized Systems: Generator technician, AC specialist, etc.

Sample Property Inspection Checklist

Area	Items to Check	Red Flags
Structure	Foundation, load-bearing walls, beams	Cracks, settling, leaning
Roof	Materials, flashing, structure	Leaks, damage, sagging
Exterior	Walls, drainage, compound	Cracks, water damage, poor drainage
Plumbing	Pipes, fixtures, drainage	Leaks, low pressure, slow draining
Electrical	Wiring, outlets, distribution board	Exposed wires, tripping breakers
Water Supply	Source, storage, pumps	Inadequate supply, contamination
Security	Perimeter, doors, windows	Weak points, poor implementation
Neighborhood	Roads, flooding, amenities	Access issues, flooding history
Documentation	Title papers, approvals	Missing documents, discrepancies

Conclusion: Inspect Today, Rest Easy Tomorrow

A thorough property inspection requires time, attention to detail, and sometimes professional assistance, but the investment is minimal compared to the potential costs of overlooked problems. In Nigeria's dynamic real estate market, this diligence separates successful property investments from regrettable purchases.

By following this comprehensive guide, you'll approach property inspection with confidence, knowing exactly what to look for and how to interpret what you find. Remember, the perfect property rarely exists—but understanding exactly what you're buying allows you to make informed decisions about whether a property's issues are acceptable, negotiable, or deal-breakers.

Planning to buy property in Nigeria? Our platform connects you with pre-vetted properties and professional inspection services. Contact our experts today to ensure your next property purchase is based on complete information.